Carbon Credits

Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits are units to measure reduction in emission from greenhouse gases (GHG) like carbon dioxide, hydro and chlorofluorocarbons, etc.

One carrbon credit is equal to 1 tonne of CO2 reduction.

The 170 countries who agreed on the Kyoto Protocol set quotas on emmisioon of installations run by local businesss, called 'operators'.

Each operator has an allowance of credits, where each unit gives the owner the right to emit one metric tonne of carbon dioxide or equivalent GHG.

Opeators who have not used up their quota, can sell their unsed allowances as carbon credits, while business that exceed quota , can buy the extra allowances as credits.

Kyoto Protocol

International agreement, dated December 11, 1997, aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions that cause climate change.

Was agreed upon at a Kyoto, and covers more than 170 countrries.
The protocol requirres developed countries to reduce their GHG emission below levels specified for each of them in the Treaty.

These targets must be met withhin a five-year time frame between 2008 and 2012, and add up to total cut in GHG emission of atleast 5 pecent, as against the basline of 1990.

As of November 2007, the US and Kazakhstan are the only signatory nations not to have ratified the act.

Global Warming

Global warming refers to the increase of average world temperatues due to greenhouse gas effect frrom emission. A major contribution is large scale deforestation. However , the more significant culprits are coal , oil and fossil fuels burned in power stations, cas and factories.
While carrbon dioxide contrributes about 50 per cent the greenhouse effect, other gases that also add to the greenhouse effect are methane, chlorofluorocarbons and nitrous oxide (N2O).

Reportedly, the amount of methane in the air has increased by 1 percent per year, much faster than the build up of carbon dioxide.

Paper n Global Warming

15 Facts About the Paper Industry, Global Warming and the Environment

And What You Can Do About It


“Think of the hundreds of times a day we touch paper — newspapers, cereal boxes, toilet paper, water bottle labels, parking tickets, streams of catalogs and junk mail, money, tissues, books, shopping bags, receipts, napkins, printer and copier paper at home and work, magazines, to-go food packaging. This list could fill a paperback.”
Put another way, the 700-pound gorilla in the room is made of paper. The average American consumes more than 700 pounds of paper a year, anyway — that’s the world’s highest per capita figure.
Here are 15 more facts about the environmental impact of the paper industry, courtesy — as is the quote above — of The State of the Paper Industry, a report published (on-line) today by the Environmental Paper Network. That is a coalition of environmental groups that aims to minimize paper consumption, maximize recycled content, source paper fiber responsibly and employ cleaner paper production practices.

1. Forests store 50% of the world’s terrestrial carbon. (In other words, they are awfully important “carbon sinks” that hold onto pollution that would otherwise lead to global warming.)
2. Half the world’s forests have already been cleared or burned, and 80% of what’s left has been seriously degraded.
3. 42% of the industrial wood harvest is used to make paper.
4. The paper industry is the 4th largest contributor to greenhouse gas emissions among United States manufacturing industries, and contributes 9% of the manufacturing sector’s carbon emissions.
5. Paper accounts for 25% of landfill waste (and one third of municipal landfill waste).
6. Municipal landfills account for one third of human-related methane emissions (and methane is 23-times more potent a greenhouse gas than is carbon dioxide).
7. If the United States cut office paper use by just 10% it would prevent the emission of 1.6 million tons of greenhouse gases — the equivalent of taking 280,000 cars off the road.
8. Compared to using virgin wood, paper made with 100% recycled content uses 44% less energy, produces 38% less greenhouse gas emissions, 41% less particulate emissions, 50% less wastewater, 49% less solid waste and — of course — 100% less wood.
9. In 2003, only 48.3% of office paper was recovered for recycling.
10. Recovered paper accounts for 37% of the U.S. pulp supply.
11. Printing and writing papers use the least amount of recycled content — just 6%. Tissues use the most, at 45%, and newsprint is not far behind, at 32%.
12. Demand for recycled paper will exceed supply by 1.5 million tons of recycled pulp per year within 10 years.
13. While the paper industry invests in new recycled newsprint and paper packaging plants in the developing world, almost none of the new printing and writing paper mills use recycled content.
14. China, India and the rest of Asia are the fastest growing per-capita users of paper, but they still rank far behind Eastern Europe and Latin America (about 100 pounds per person per year), Australia (about 300 pounds per person per year) and Western Europe (more than 400 pounds per person per year).
15. The Forest Stewardship Council’s certification of sustainable forestry practices is growing, with 50% of the paper product market share and 226 million acres accounted for. Advocates say the demand for recycled paper and sustainably harvested pulp from consumers, advertisers, magazine makers and other users of paper will yield the fastest reforms of the industry.